水性処置(加湿/濡らし/洗浄)
■「ほぼ日刊資料保存」の記事
2006年7月10日(月)
教科書『紙と水:コンサーバターのための手引き』(Paper and Water: A Guide for Conservators)が完成
欧米のペーパー・コンサーバターや紙関連の保存科学者が協力して制作を進めてきた教科書 Paper and Water: A Guide for Conservators がこのほど完成した。静止画図やアニメーションを駆使したCD付きのテキストとして近く出版される(正式な上梓時期は未定)。
製紙時はもちろん、コンサベーションのあらゆる行程で紙媒体に直接関わる水と、その影響については、誰もが認識しながら、これまで深く考えられたことがなかった。Paper and Water プロジェクトは、Institute for Paper Conservation (IPC)、International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)、そしてInternational Association of Book and Paper Conservators (IADA)という三つの国際的な機関の支援を受けて、Irene Bruckle(Head of Conservation, Kupferstichkabinett dok,独)とGerhard Banik(Head, Studiengang Restaurierung und Konservierung von Graphik, Archiv- und Bibliotheksgut, Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Kunste Stuttgart, 独)の二人を中心に、欧米の関連エキスパートを結集し制作したもの。豊富な図解やアニメを駆使して、コンサベーションにおける紙と水の相互作用を科学的かつ実践的な視点から解説する。
主な内容は、乾燥そして濡れた時の紙の構造と物性、水の構造と物性、製紙時の紙と水との相互作用、湿った保管環境が紙の劣化に及ぼす影響、水性脱酸性化処置の原則、水性溶液の作り方と使い方、水性処置法とその効果が与える要素、製紙時の乾燥工程のメカニズム、コンサベーションでの乾燥法、ペーパー・コンサベーションの水性処置の歴史的・倫理的な側面--ほか。
主な著者は Vincent Daniels(英)、Steven Keller(米)、Joanna Kosek(英)、Anthony W. Smith(英)、Paul Whitmore(米)。動画はAlfred Vendl(オーストリア)。
Lehrbuch fur Restaurierung: "Paper and Water: A Guide for Conservators"
http://www.smb.spk-berlin.de/smb/forschung/details.php?objID=9503&lang=de&typeId=211&n=1
■ほぼ日2005年3月30日付け「『紙と水:コンサーバターのための手引き』の製作が順調に伸展」も参照
2005年6月27日(月)
フランス国図のコンサベーション--水性洗浄、キャスティング、表打ち等を紹介
フランス国立図書館のコンサベーション部門のページでは、紙媒体資料を対象にした治療的な処置(Conservation : traitements curatifs)の例として、水性洗浄と脱酸性化、繊維キャスティングによる損失部補填ほか、同部門が実施している技術を紹介している。特に目新しいものはなく、8つの技術のうち最後のを除く7つはイギリス、アメリカ、ドイツ、デンマークのコンサーバターがこの20年ほどの間に開発し、欧米の、あるいは弊社のような工房で普通に実践している技術だが、フランスのコンサベーションの現在がわかり、興味深い。
水性洗浄と脱酸性化(Le nettoyage aqueux et la désacidification)

補填、表打ち等の紙力強化の前段階として不可欠の資料の水性洗浄と脱酸性化処置。汚れだけでなく、紙中の経時劣化物を紙から追い出す洗浄の後に、紙中にアルカリを入れるのが脱酸性化。(PDF 88KB)
欠損部の紙繊維による補填(Le colmatage)

紙の繊維を水頭差の吸引力で欠損部に補填するリーフキャスティング機による方法と、サクション(吸引)テーブル上で資料の穴、破れ等の欠損部に手作業で充填する方法。(PDF 153KB)
表打ち(Le doublage)

極薄の和紙またはマニラ麻紙による傷んだ紙の表打ちによる強化法。(PDF 106KB)
間剥ぎ(Le clivage)

一枚の紙を、厚みの真ん中で引き剥がし、二枚にして、中に別の紙や不織布を挟み、再び張り合わせて一枚に戻す技術。(PDF 166KB)
分離した表紙の本体との再接合(Le rattachement des plats)

後々の本格的な修復処置を前提にした、利用時に支障のない程度の強化を目的にした接合方法と、ボードの厚みの中に溝を設えて背からの綴じの支持体を挿入する本格的な方法。(PDF 187KB)
パーチメントを表装材にしたコンサベーション製本(La reliure de conservation)

いわゆるリンプ・ベラム製本のコンサベーションへの応用。本体以外の表紙部材がなくなっているもの、製本がこわれていて、なおかつ製本自体に歴史的な価値が無いもの、同じ製本の中に別のドキュメントが含まれているものなどを対象に、よりフレキシブルで丈夫な製本に改装する。(PDF 142KB)
古典籍の革装幀部位を和紙で修復する(Le traitement de conservation des reliures anciennes en cuir effectué avec du papier japonais)

革を革で直すのではなく、絡みが良く、成形がしやすく、丈夫な和紙を革のように使って直す。(PDF 196KB)
古典籍の革装幀を革で修復する(Le traitement de conservation des reliures anciennes en cuir effectué avec du cuir)

昔から行われている革装幀本の修復法。(PDF 190KB)
La restauration traditionnelle
http://www.bnf.fr/pages/infopro/conservation/cons_traitement_trad.htm
■主要文献へのリンク
Kuuntinen, Ulla.et al. 2004 Control of aqueous paper treatments with Ion chromatography.
Proceeding of the International Conference Durability of Paper and Writing, November 16-19, 2004, Lubljana, Slovenia, Organeized in the frame of the EC Framework Programme projets MIP, Mapyrum and InkCor, pp.81-83.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/973888/Durability-of-Paper-and-Writing
Daniels,V.; Kosek,J. 2004 Studies on the Washing of Paper: Part2: A Comparison of Different Washing Techniques Used on an Artificially Discoloued, Sized Paper . Restaurator, 25-2, p.260-266.
Daniels,V.; Kosek,J. 2004 Studies on the washing of paper: Part 1: The influence of wetting on the washing rate. Restaurator, 25-2, p.81-93.
内藤勇、宇佐美直秀 2003 間接湿し法による処理 1 -書籍、典籍、古文書- 文化財保存修復学会第25回大会研究発表要旨集、36-37
岡岩太郎ほか 2003 紙本絵画の肌裏除去方法に関する一考察 文化財保存修復学会第25回大会研究発表要旨集、38-39.
Daniels, Vincent; Kosek, Joanna. 2002 The rate of washing of paper.
Works of Art on Paper Books, Documents and Photographs. Techniques and Conservation. Contributions to the Baltimore Congress 2-6 September 2002. 47-51.
http://www.iiconservation.org/conferences/baltimore/bltmr_pp.php
Watkins, S. 2002 Practical considerations for humidifying and flattening paper. Book and Paper Group Annual, 21, 61-76.
Watkins, Stephanie 2002 Practical Considerations for Humidifying and Flattening Paper
The Book and Paper Group Annual 21 (2002) 61-76.
Lunning, Elizabeth and Karen L. Pavelka. 2001 Wet treatment of water-soluble media discussion. Book and Paper Group Annual 20 (2001) 55-61.
Bogaard John; Whitmore, Paul M. 2001 Effects of Dilute Calcium Washing Treatments on Paper.
JAIC, 40, 105-123 (2001).
http://www.cmu.edu/acrc/Publications/ca%20treatments%20on%20paper.pdf
Tse, Season. 2001 Effect of Water Washing on Paper and Cellulosic Textiles: An Overview and Update of CCI Research.
The Book and Paper Group Annual 20 (2001): 35-39.
Tse, season. 2001 Water Quality for Treatment of Paper and Textiles.
CCI Technical Bulletin, No.24.
Wolbers, Richards. 2000 Cleaning Painted Surfaces - Aqueous Methods.
Archetype Publications Ltd.
Smith, A. W. 1997 Effects of Aqueous Treatments on the Mechanical Properties of Paper.
The Interface Between Science and Conservation. British Museum Occasional Paper, 16, 59-65 (1997).
http://aic.stanford.edu/sg/bpg/annual/v02/bp02-13.html
Dupont, A.-L. 1996 Degradation of Cellulose at the Wet/Dry Interface. I: The Effect of Some Conservation Treatments on Brown Lines. Restaurator, 17:1, 1-21 (1996).
Mackay, Christine; Smith, Anthony. 1994 The Effect of Wetting Agents on the Tensile Strength of Paper. Proceedings of a Conference Symposium 88 - Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works on Paper, Ottawa, Canada, October 3 to 7, 1988, 199-203 (1994).
Daniels V.D.; Fleming, L.E. 1994 The Cockling and Curling of Paper in Museums. Proceedings of a Conference Symposium 88 - Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works on Paper, Ottawa, Canada, October 3 to 7, 1988, 155-162 (1994).
Weidner, Marilyn K.; Zachary, Shannon. 1994 The System: Moisture Chamber/Suction Table/Ultrasonic Humidifier/Air Filter. Proceedings of a Conference Symposium 88 - Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works on Paper, Ottawa, Canada, October 3 to 7, 1988, 109-115 (1994).
Keyes, Keiko Mizushima. 1994 Some Practical Methods for the Treatment with Moisture of Moisture-Sensitive Works on Paper. Proceedings of a Conference Symposium 88 - Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works on Paper, Ottawa, Canada, October 3 to 7, 1988, 99-107 (1994).
Weidner, Marilyn Kemp. 1993 Treatment of Water Sensitive and Friable Media Using Suction and Ultrasonic Mist. The Book and Paper Group Annual, 12, 75-84.
http://aic.stanford.edu/sg/bpg/annual/v12/bp12-16.html
Vitale, Timothy. 1992 Effects of Water on the Mechanical Properties of Paper and Their Relationship to the Treatment of Paper. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 267, 397-427 (1992).
Purinton, Nancy and Filter, Susan. 1992 Gore-Tex: an introduction to the material and treatments.
The Book & Paper Group annual 11, (1992), pp. 141-155
http://aic.stanford.edu/sg/bpg/annual/v11/bp11-33.html
Lienardy, Anne; van Damme, P. 1990 Paper Washing. The Paper Conservator, 14, 23-30 (1990).
Oka, Iwataro. 1988 A Dry Method for Removing the Backing Papers from Japanese Paintings.
The Conservation of Far Eastern Art: preprints of the Contributions to the Kyoto Congress, 19-23 September 1988, 69-72.
増田勝彦 1988 絵画の局部クリーニングに対するサクションテーブルと超音波発信機の效果
保存科学 27, 21-24
Keyes, Keiko Mizushima. 1987 Alternatives to conventional methods of reducing discolouration in works of art on paper. Conservation of Library and Archive Materials and the Graphic Arts. Butterworths Series in Conservation and Museology, 49-55 (1987).
Burgess, Helen D. 1986 Gel Permeation Chromatography: Use in Estimating the Effect of Water Washing on the Long-Term Stability of Cellulosic Fibers. In H.L. Needles (Ed.), Historic Textile and Paper Materials: Conservation and Characterization. Advances in Chemistry Series 212. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. 363-375.
Aspler, J.S.; Davis, S.; Lyne, M.S. 1984 The Dynamic Wettability of Paper. Part I: The effect of surfactants, alum, and pH on self-sizing. Tappi, 67:9, 128-131 (1984).
K・M・キイス (金谷博雄訳) 1984 紙の変色除去法への提言 上 ゆずり葉 (14):1984/2、190-193, (15): 1984/3, 211-216.
Keyes, Keiko Mizushima. 1982 Cleaning of Works of Art: Alternatives to Conventional Methods of Reducing on Paper Discoloration in Works of Art on Paper. The Book and Paper Group Annual, Vol. 1, 1982.
http://aic.stanford.edu/sg/bpg/annual/v01/bp01-15.html
Nelson, J.; King, A.; Indictor, N.; Cabelli, D. 1982 Effects of Wash Water Quality on the Physical Properties of Three Papers. JAIC, 21:2, 59-76 (1982).
http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic21-02-004_indx.html
Tang, L.C. 1981 Washing and Deacidifying Paper in the Same Operation. Preservation of Paper and Textiles of Historic and Artistic Value II. Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society. 63-86
Corte, H. 1980 Cellulose-Water Interactions. H.E. Rance (Ed.), Handbook of Paper Science (Vol.1).
Hey, Margaret. 1979 The Washing and Aqueous Deacidification of Paper. The Paper Conservator, 4, 66-80 (1979)
Tang, Lucia C.;Jones, Norvell M. M. 1979 The Effects of Wash Water Quality on the Aging Characteristics of Paper. JAIC 1979, Volume18, Number2, Article1, p.61-81.
http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic18-02-001_indx.html
Schonbohm, Dirk; Bluher; Agnes; Banik, Gerhard. 2004 Enzymes in Solvent Conditioned Poultices for the Removal of Starch-based Adhesives from Iron Gall Ink Corroded Manuscripts. Restaurator, 25, p.266-281.
Stulik, Dusan; Miller, David; Khanjian, Herant; Khandekar, Narayan; Wolbers, Richard; Carlson, Janice; Petersen, W. Christian; and Dorge, Valerie (Editor). 2004 Research into Solvent Residues.The Getty Conservation Institute, Solvent Gels for the Cleaning of Works of Art - The Residue Question, Chapter 4: 66-83 (2004).
http://aata.getty.edu/nxt/gateway.dll/AATA/AATA-1/9022500.xml?f=templates$fn=document-frame.htm$q=$x=
Selih, V.S. et al. 2004 Laser Cleaning of Paper -A Step Towards Optimisation. Proceeding of the International Conference "Durability of Paper and Writing", November 16-19, 2004, Lubljana, Slovenia, Organeized in the frame of the EC Framework Programme projets MIP, Mapyrum and InkCor, pp.59-61.
http://www.paperdurability.org/zbornik.pdf
Dorge, Valerie. Ed. 2004 Solvent Gels for the Cleaning of Works of Art - The Residue Question Getty Conservation Institute. (2004)
http://aata.getty.edu/nxt/gateway.dll/AATA/AATA-1/9022500.xml?f=templates$fn=document-frame.htm$q=$x=
Prajapati, C.L. 2003 Accumulation of Solid Particles on Documents, A Threat for Preservation of Documentary Heritage. The Example of the National Archives of India. Restaurator 24: 46-54 (2003).
http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=208729
Havermans, J.B.G.A.. et al. 2003 Parela-paper restoration of paper objects using lalser technology. Proceeding of International Conference WPP 2003 " Chemical Technology of Wood, Pulp and Paper", September 17.-19. 2003, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 402-407.
Nguyen, T. et al. 2003 Effect of erasers on the degradation of paper cellulose. Proceeding of International Conference WPP 2003 Chemical Technology of Wood, Pulp and Paper, September 17.-19. 2003, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 361-365
Cowan, Janet; Guild, Sherry. 2001 Dry Methods for Surface Cleaning Paper. CCI, Technical Bulletin 11, 1-11 (2001).
http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=231848
Kolar, Jana.; Strlic, M.; Marincek, M. 2000 The effect of Nd:YAG laser radiation at 1064 nm on paper. Restaurator, 21:1, 9-18 (2000).
http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=194573
Weidner, Marilyn Kemp. 1993 Treatment of Water Sensitive and Friable Media Using Suction and Ultrasonic Mist. The Book and Paper Group Annual, 12, 75-84.
http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=146671
http://aic.stanford.edu/sg/bpg/annual/v12/bp12-16.html
Moroz, Richard; Roever, Eva. 1993 A New Approach to Systematic Dry Cleaning with Technical Devices. Restaurator 14: 172-187 (1993). http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=139332
Keyes, Keiko Mizushima. 1982 Cleaning of Works of Art: Alternatives to Conventional Methods of Reducing on Paper Discoloration in Works of Art on Paper. The Book and Paper Group Annual, Vol. 1, 1982.
http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=9546
http://aic.stanford.edu/sg/bpg/annual/v01/bp01-15.html
Pearlstein, E. J.; Cabelli, D.; King, A.; Indictor, N. 1982 Effects of Eraser Treatment on Paper. JAIC 1982, Volume22, Number1, Article1, p.1-12. http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=74717 http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic22-01-001.html
Banks, P. 1969 Paper Cleaning Restaurator, 1-1, 52-69 http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/openbcin.cgi?submit=submit&Chinkey=59436

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